Showing posts with label History. Show all posts
Showing posts with label History. Show all posts

Tuesday, February 9, 2010

Mr. Twain Tells of the End of the World in Smyrna

mark-twainThe Millerites, now called the Seventh-Day Adventists, were among the sects that Sam Clemens ( Mark Twain) put in the absurd category. On Oct. 22, 1844, the (final) day forecast by famer William Miller on the basis of an alleged biblical timetable, members of the sect in the Hannibal, Missouri  area gathered at Lover's Leap to await the Second Coming of Christ and the end of the world.... Clemens later remarked, "A multitude of lunatics in America put on their ascension sheets, took a leave of their friends and got ready to fly up to heaven at the first toot of the trumpet." When Clemens visited Turkey, he found some Millerites who had come there after the failure of the predicted "resurrection day."
Twenty-five years ago, a multitude of people in America put on their ascension robes, took a tearful leave of their friends, and made ready to fly up into heaven at the first blast of the trumpet. But the angel did not blow it. Miller's resurrection day was a failure. The Millerites were disgusted. I did not suspect that there were Millers in Asia Minor, but a gentleman tells me that they had it all set for the world to come to an end in Smyrna one day about three years ago.

There was much buzzing and preparation for a long time previously, and it culminated in a wild excitement at the appointed time. A vast number of the populace ascended the citadel hill early in the morning, to get out of the way of the general destruction, and many of the infatuated closed up their shops and retired from all earthly business. But the strange part of it was that about three in the afternoon, while this gentleman and his friends were at dinner in the hotel, a terrific storm of rain, accompanied by thunder and lightning, broke forth and continued with dire fury for two or three hours. It was a thing unprecedented in Smyrna at that time of the year, and scared some of the most skeptical. The streets ran rivers and the hotel floor was flooded with water. The dinner had to be suspended. When the storm finished and left every body drenched through and through, and melancholy and half-drowned, the ascensionists came down from the mountain as dry as so many charity-sermons! They had been looking down upon the fearful storm going on below, and really believed that their proposed destruction of the world was proving a grand success.
From Innocents Abroad, by Mark Twain 1869
In describing this millennial mania, Clemens interjected a serious comment about those who attempt to "twist prophecy," "Thick-headed commentators upon the Bible, and stupid preachers and teachers, work more damage to religion than sensible, cool-brained clergy can fight away."
Excerpts above and below are from Mark Twain's Religion, by William E. Phipps
Incidentally, April 21, 2010 marks the centennial of Mr. Twain's death. Here's to you, Sam. American's Grandfather figure.

Wednesday, February 3, 2010

Mr. Shaw Visits Smyrna- 1841

"Travels with Henry Shaw"   is an interesting site I invite you to look over. Shaw, born in 1800 in Sheffield, England, arrived at the French settlement on the banks of the Mississippi river called St. Louis when he was nineteen. He opened a hardware store which he developed until his retirement in 1840. Upon retirement, Shaw began his world travels throughout Europe, Asia Minor and the Middle East. 
In St. Louis, Missouri, Shaw's Garden, created in 1851- and still existent- is based on the Royal Botanical Garden outside of London and the Chatsworth garden in Devonshire.
The site includes journal entries from his visits to Istanbul and Izmir which are quite interesting to read.(http://www.mobot.org/blog/travelswithhenry/)
Here is a wonderful description of his entry into Smyrna (Izmir) by ship on  Friday afternoon of June 11, 1841.

Saturday, January 16, 2010

How to Lose a World

Amid all the advertisements for gas-guzzling cars, therelife is an interesting editorial from LIFE magazine, dated May 21, 1951. "How to Lose a World: Our Government's Deplorable Performance in Iran Has Contributed To a Great Disaster."

At that time, Iran was caught between two great millstones of conflicting ideologies, Capitalism and Communism. Britain, heavily reliant on Iranian oil, had directly controlled the oil monopoly through the British Anglo-Iranian Oil company but now, suddenly the rules of the game has changed.

"Iran's politicians, in general, more blessed with passion than foresight, were ready to assert their pride of self and country. And ancient people, also proud, were ready in their misery to welcome any change."

In 1951 Dr. Mohammed Mosaddeq came to office as Prime Minister, committed to re-establishing democracy and constitutional monarchy, and to nationalizing the Iranian petroleum industry, which was controlled by the British. It was this last point which sealed his fate.

Iran "And the Americans? The Americans were there, in considerable strength. They saw what was happening; the revulsion against the British; the stupidity of an oil policy which took as much as possible out of an awakening country and put as little as possible back into the country; the calculated cleverness of the Soviet Communists who had the sense to work on, through and ostensibly for the Iranian people, with a native Tudeh party which was actually Communist but officially nationalist in sentiment and purpose.

And yet, openly America did nothing.

"The truth is that the State Department has no policy for Iran and no policy for the Middle East. What it styles a policy is a mess of generalities (resist Communism, help anti-Communists, be for reform, etc. etc.) A State Department with a policy would, among other things, have got behind a plan for economic salvage of Iran, supported it with vigor and taken any measures necessary to see that the British government support it too."

This prudent policy was unfortunately not undertaken. Instead, shortly before the 1952 presidential election in the US, the British government invited Kermit Roosevelt, Jr., of the CIA to London and proposed they cooperate under the code name Operation Ajax to bring down Mosaddeq from office. With the Iran2help of a military loyal to the monarchy, The Prime Minister was placed under house arrest and The Shah of Iran was installed as the leader of the nation. It was to become a monarchy whose mission statement included an ruthless anti-Communist stance, a program of Westernization and a Western monopoly- by proxy- on the petroleum industry in Iran. This flawed decision based on deceit - which on the surface must have seemed like sheer brilliance- was to have grave consequences.

Thursday, November 26, 2009

Bergama, Turkey

Bergama Study 2

The Last King of Pergamon

Attalus III was the last Attalid king of Pergamum, ruling from 138 BC to 133 BC. He succeeded Attalus II, although their relationship, if any, is unknown. ( Some sources say he was his nephew while others state that he was his illegitimate son.)  In any case,   Attalus III had little interest in ruling Pergamum, devoting his time to studying medicine, botany,  gardening, and other pursuits. Bergama

However he soon exhibited that cruel and tyrannical disposition, which proved a scourge of his people, and stamped indelible infamy on his character. His nearest relatives and most faithful friends were inhumanely murdered on the most frivolous pretenses; the oldest and most judicious statesmen, with their wives and families were put to death by hired assassins; and whole kingdom was filled with carnage and desolation.

The king is said to have suspected some of the victims of having been implicated in the death of his mother and his bride Berenice. The guilty king was then tormented with all the horrors of remorse and, in a fit of melancholy sequestered himself from all mankind. He clothed himself in mean apparel, neglected his hair and beard, and cultivated a garden for the purpose of raising poisonous herbs. He mingled with such as were wholes and sent packets of them to those persons who had unfortunately roused his suspicions. At length Attalus fell into a fever, of which, he died in in 133 B.C

Being without heir, this tyrant, by his will left all his effects to Romans. Taking advantage of this opportunity, the republic seized on his kingdom and reduced it to a province under the name of Asia Propria.

bergama-2The world famous library of Pergamum, which contained 200,000 books, was, afterwards, removed and transported to Alexandria by Mark Anthony as a gift of love to Cleopatra. 

After his death, Asia Minor became Roman soil and incorporated as Asia province into Roman realm. The city Pergamum remained as the capital for Romans as well, until Ephesus replaced it in 29 BCE.

Sources:

Ancient history: exhibiting a summary view  By John Robinsonhttp://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/pergamum_kingdom.htmRome and the Mediterranean to 133 B.C. By A. E. Astin, F. W. Walbank, M. W. Frederiksen

Monday, April 20, 2009

Closure

My parents used to tell me a peculiar local story about a widow that had once lived not too far from them.  The events occurred during the closing year of the Second World War. The widow’s son, like many Arkansas farm boys, had gone off to fight in Europe. His letters faithfully arrived every few weeks, a marvel to his worried mother with tales of wonder and accounts of the mundane events of war life. One day, the letters stopped.  A silence of weeks followed.  And then, much to his mother’s fear, a letter from the United States Army arrived.  The type-written official letter grimly explained that her son had fallen somewhere in Italy in an unreported battle.  Due to the circumstances of his death, there was  apparently no possibility of sending his remains home.

Being her only son, she was quite naturally devastated by the news and her neighbors, her church congregation, and her relatives provided what solace they could.

However, much to the astonishment of everyone in the small town, a new letter from the dead son arrived in his mother’s post box. Initial shock faded when it was widely supposed that the son had evidently written this final letter before his death and the letter had been delayed.  However, the letter told the mother to ignore the news of his death, that there had been a mix-up and he was still quite alive and unhurt and would be explaining everything in due course.

What a miracle it must have seemed. After the months of worry, the shock of the news of her son’s death and the grief of his loss. And then to hear that it had all been a mistake.

And yet, in a final twist, his mother heard nothing more from her resurrected son. Weeks passed into months. The Germans surrendered and the war in Europe was ended. “We all thought that as soon as the war was over, they’d all be coming home,”my mother once told me,”Of course, that wasn’t how it turned out at all.”

Years passed and the mother heard nothing more from her missing son and spent the next twenty years of her life waiting for some kind of explanation. The townspeople tended to avoid the widow, unable to decide what exactly to think about the events and how to react.

Wednesday, February 4, 2009

The Fall of '29

Here is my first film! Let me know what you think. The song, "The Fall of '29" is sung by an early country and Western band, The Light Crust Doughboys" I couldn't transcribe the entire song- the audio is admittedly poor- but here are the first two stanzas.

Well hello there, Mr. Ice Man

Where have I seen your face?

Please don't try to tease me Mister

just because I lost the race.

I was working as a banker worth a million for a time

but I lost the whole Caboodle

In the Fall of 29

In the Fall of 29

That's when we started sliding

In a call for 50/50

you lost yours and I lost mine

But it made us all more human

In the Fall of 29


Hey there Mr. Taxi driver

Where have I seen you before?

Listen buddy I'm the fella

who'd stocks and bonds galore

My office was on Wall Street

Everything was going fine

when my stocks and bonds all vanished

in the Fall of 29

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